batch.motif.islamic-koran-sale-gutenberg-l18107-l18186
---
record_id: batch.motif.islamic-koran-sale-gutenberg-l18107-l18186
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
passage_locator:
label: IN THE NAME OF THE MOST MERCIFUL GOD. / CHAPTER VIII. / IN THE NAME OF THE
MOST MERCIFUL GOD. / CHAPTER IX.; lines 18107-18186
start: '18107'
end: '18186'
translation: The Koran (Al-Qur'an)
notes: Generated from OpenAI Batch run motif-extraction-2026-04-28-high-priority;
human review required.
canonical_text:
quote: Go forth to battle, both light and heavy, and employ your substance and your
persons for the advancement of GOD's religion.
summary: The passage includes notes on calendar intercalation and sacred months,
the Tabuc expedition, and verses urging believers to go forth in battle, distinguishing
truthful believers from doubting stay-behinds, warning of sedition and hell, and
affirming trust in God's decree.
language: English
quote_policy: quoted
literal_observations:
- id: obs:1
text: A note states that intercalating a month every third or second year, learned
from the Jews, is unlawful because it fixes pilgrimage and Ramadan to particular
seasons instead of allowing them to move.
category: other
evidence_refs:
- ev:1
- id: obs:2
text: A note describes idolatrous Arabs transferring observance of a sacred month
to another month and names Jonda Ebn Awf as the first said to have practiced it.
category: action
evidence_refs:
- ev:2
- id: obs:3
text: A note identifies the expedition as Tabuc, undertaken in summer heat, drought,
and scarcity, with the army called distressed and with ripe fruits tempting people
to stay.
category: setting
evidence_refs:
- ev:3
- id: obs:4
text: A note says Mohammed had only Abu Becr with him, and mentions an interpretation
involving guards in the cave or heavenly succours in several encounters.
category: relationship
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
- id: obs:5
text: The addressees are commanded to go forth to battle, whether light or heavy,
and to employ both substance and persons for God's religion.
category: action
evidence_refs:
- ev:5
- id: obs:6
text: Some would have followed if the advantage were near and the journey moderate,
but the way seemed tedious; they swear they were unable, while God knows they
are liars.
category: speech
evidence_refs:
- ev:6
- id: obs:7
text: God questions why leave was given for some to stay home before the truthful
and the liars were made manifest.
category: speech
evidence_refs:
- ev:7
- id: obs:8
text: Those who believe in God and the last day do not ask leave to be excused,
while those who doubt ask leave and are described as tossed in their doubting.
category: attribute
evidence_refs:
- ev:8
- id: obs:9
text: The passage says God was averse to certain people going forth, rendered them
slothful, and that if they had gone they would have been a burden and stirred
sedition.
category: sequence
evidence_refs:
- ev:9
- id: obs:10
text: One person asks leave to stay behind so as not to be exposed to temptation;
the passage replies that they have fallen into temptation at home and that hell
will encompass the unbelievers.
category: speech
evidence_refs:
- ev:10
- id: obs:11
text: Opponents grieve at good happening to the addressed figure and rejoice at
misfortune; the response says only what God decrees will befall the faithful and
that God is their patron.
category: speech
evidence_refs:
- ev:11
figures:
- id: fig:1
name_or_label: God
description: God commands, knows liars and the wicked, forgives, decrees what befalls
the faithful, and is called their patron.
role_refs:
- role:1
evidence_refs:
- ev:5
- ev:6
- ev:7
- ev:8
- ev:9
- ev:11
- id: fig:2
name_or_label: Mohammed
description: The addressed leader in the verses; a note identifies Mohammed as undertaking
the expedition of Tabuc and as having Abu Becr with him.
role_refs:
- role:2
evidence_refs:
- ev:3
- ev:4
- ev:7
- id: fig:3
name_or_label: Faithful believers
description: Those who believe in God and the last day, employ substance and persons,
and trust in God.
role_refs:
- role:3
evidence_refs:
- ev:5
- ev:8
- ev:11
- id: fig:4
name_or_label: Stay-behinds, doubters, and liars
description: Those who ask leave to stay behind, doubt, are called liars or wicked,
and would stir sedition if they went forth.
role_refs:
- role:4
evidence_refs:
- ev:6
- ev:8
- ev:9
- ev:10
- id: fig:5
name_or_label: Jonda Ebn Awf
description: A note names him as the first said to transfer the observance of a
sacred month to another month.
role_refs:
- role:5
evidence_refs:
- ev:2
- id: fig:6
name_or_label: Abu Becr
description: A note says Mohammed had only Abu Becr with him.
role_refs:
- role:6
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
- id: fig:7
name_or_label: Idolatrous Arabs
description: A note describes them as innovating the transfer of sacred-month observance
when convenient.
role_refs:
- role:7
evidence_refs:
- ev:2
roles:
- id: role:1
label: divine commander, knower, judge, and patron
assigned_to:
- fig:1
basis: God commands battle, knows liars and the wicked, determines outcomes, and
is called patron of the faithful.
evidence_refs:
- ev:5
- ev:6
- ev:9
- ev:11
- id: role:2
label: addressed prophetic leader of the expedition
assigned_to:
- fig:2
basis: The passage addresses a leader who gives leave to stay behind; the note identifies
Mohammed with the Tabuc expedition.
evidence_refs:
- ev:3
- ev:7
- id: role:3
label: obedient believers
assigned_to:
- fig:3
basis: They do not ask leave from employing substance and persons and are told to
trust in God.
evidence_refs:
- ev:5
- ev:8
- ev:11
- id: role:4
label: reluctant or seditious stay-behinds
assigned_to:
- fig:4
basis: They ask leave, give excuses, are described as doubting or lying, and would
stir sedition.
evidence_refs:
- ev:6
- ev:8
- ev:9
- ev:10
- id: role:5
label: calendar innovator
assigned_to:
- fig:5
basis: A note says Jonda first practiced transferring a sacred month to a profane
month.
evidence_refs:
- ev:2
- id: role:6
label: single companion
assigned_to:
- fig:6
basis: A note says Mohammed had only Abu Becr with him.
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
- id: role:7
label: sacred-calendar transgressors
assigned_to:
- fig:7
basis: The note attributes the innovation of avoiding a sacred month to idolatrous
Arabs.
evidence_refs:
- ev:2
symbols:
- id: sym:1
label: sacred months
literal_form: months marked as sacred or profane
associated_figures:
- fig:5
- fig:7
taxonomy_refs: []
evidence_refs:
- ev:1
- ev:2
- id: sym:2
label: pilgrimage and Ramadan timing
literal_form: calendar timing of pilgrimage and fast of Ramadan
associated_figures: []
taxonomy_refs: []
evidence_refs:
- ev:1
- id: sym:3
label: cave
literal_form: cave where guards may have protected Mohammed, according to one note
interpretation
associated_figures:
- fig:2
- fig:6
taxonomy_refs:
- cave
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
- id: sym:4
label: hell encompassing unbelievers
literal_form: hell surrounding or encompassing unbelievers
associated_figures:
- fig:4
taxonomy_refs: []
evidence_refs:
- ev:10
- id: sym:5
label: arms and necessaries
literal_form: provision of arms and necessaries for going forth
associated_figures:
- fig:4
taxonomy_refs: []
evidence_refs:
- ev:9
- id: sym:6
label: substance and persons
literal_form: wealth/substance and bodies/persons employed for God's religion
associated_figures:
- fig:3
taxonomy_refs: []
evidence_refs:
- ev:5
- ev:8
scenes:
- id: scene:1
label: Prohibition and manipulation of sacred calendar
summary: Notes explain that intercalation and transferring sacred-month observance
are treated as unlawful innovations affecting pilgrimage, Ramadan, and sacred
months.
figure_refs:
- fig:5
- fig:7
symbol_refs:
- sym:1
- sym:2
evidence_refs:
- ev:1
- ev:2
- id: scene:2
label: Hard conditions of the Tabuc expedition
summary: A note places the expedition in summer heat, drought, scarcity, and the
season of ripe fruits, explaining reluctance to march.
figure_refs:
- fig:2
symbol_refs: []
evidence_refs:
- ev:3
- id: scene:3
label: Command to go forth and expend self and wealth
summary: The faithful are commanded to go to battle and use both their substance
and their persons for God's religion.
figure_refs:
- fig:1
- fig:3
symbol_refs:
- sym:6
evidence_refs:
- ev:5
- id: scene:4
label: Excuses reveal truth and falsehood
summary: Some excuse themselves from the difficult journey; the passage says God
knows they lie and that leave should not have been granted before truthful and
lying persons were distinguished.
figure_refs:
- fig:1
- fig:2
- fig:4
symbol_refs: []
evidence_refs:
- ev:6
- ev:7
- ev:8
- id: scene:5
label: Divine exclusion of seditious companions
summary: The passage says God made unwilling people slothful and that their presence
would have burdened the expedition and stirred sedition.
figure_refs:
- fig:1
- fig:4
symbol_refs:
- sym:5
evidence_refs:
- ev:9
- id: scene:6
label: Temptation, hell, decree, and trust
summary: The passage answers a request to avoid temptation by saying the person
has already fallen into it, warns that hell encompasses unbelievers, and tells
the faithful to trust in God's decree.
figure_refs:
- fig:1
- fig:3
- fig:4
symbol_refs:
- sym:4
evidence_refs:
- ev:10
- ev:11
- id: scene:7
label: Companion and possible cave protection
summary: A note says Mohammed had only Abu Becr with him and mentions an interpretation
involving protection in a cave or heavenly succours in battles.
figure_refs:
- fig:2
- fig:6
symbol_refs:
- sym:3
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
candidate_motifs:
- id: motif:1
label: divine judgment distinguishing true believers from liars
taxonomy_refs:
- divine_judgment
basis: God is said to know liars and the wicked, to make truthful and lying claimants
manifest, and to warn that hell encompasses unbelievers.
evidence_refs:
- ev:6
- ev:7
- ev:8
- ev:10
confidence: high
cautions: The passage frames judgment morally and theologically; no elaborate afterlife
journey is present.
- id: motif:2
label: sacrificial commitment of wealth and person
taxonomy_refs:
- sacrifice
basis: The faithful are commanded to employ both substance and persons for God's
religion and are praised for not seeking exemption.
evidence_refs:
- ev:5
- ev:8
confidence: medium
cautions: This is not a ritual sacrifice scene; the motif is a broader pattern of
self and wealth offered in religious struggle.
- id: motif:3
label: summoned departure into hardship
taxonomy_refs:
- departure
basis: The passage commands going forth to battle despite a tedious journey, summer
heat, drought, scarcity, and reluctance to leave ripe fruits.
evidence_refs:
- ev:3
- ev:5
- ev:6
confidence: medium
cautions: The departure is military and communal rather than a single hero's journey.
- id: motif:4
label: sacred calendar violation and restoration
taxonomy_refs:
- covenant
basis: Notes describe unlawful intercalation and transfer of sacred months, with
ordinances promulgated by Mohammed at the pilgrimage of valediction.
evidence_refs:
- ev:1
- ev:2
confidence: low
cautions: The passage does not explicitly use covenant language; the taxonomy link
is tentative because the issue concerns binding sacred ordinance.
- id: motif:5
label: cave refuge with possible heavenly protection
taxonomy_refs: []
basis: A note says Mohammed had only Abu Becr with him and that some imagine guards
protected him in the cave, or that the words refer to heavenly succours in battles.
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
confidence: low
cautions: This appears in a translator's note as an interpretive possibility, not
as a direct narrative in the excerpt.
- id: motif:6
label: trust in divine decree amid misfortune
taxonomy_refs: []
basis: The passage instructs the speaker to say that nothing befalls the faithful
except what God has decreed and that God is their patron.
evidence_refs:
- ev:11
confidence: high
cautions: No supplied taxonomy family exactly matches this motif.
comparison_claims:
- id: claim:1
claim: The note explicitly connects the unlawful intercalation practice with a method
the Arabs had learned from the Jews for aligning lunar and solar years.
claim_level: historical_contact
target: Jewish lunar-solar calendar intercalation as described in the note
evidence_refs:
- ev:1
counter_evidence_refs: []
confidence: medium
limitations: This is based solely on Sale's note in the provided passage; no independent
historical evidence is supplied here.
- id: claim:2
claim: The note compares possible cave protection with heavenly succours received
in several other encounters, including Bedr, the war of the ditch, and Honein,
as instances of divine or heavenly aid.
claim_level: same_function
target: heavenly succour in Bedr, the war of the ditch, and Honein
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
counter_evidence_refs: []
confidence: medium
limitations: The note presents this as an interpretive alternative and does not
narrate those encounters in the excerpt.
evidence:
- id: ev:1
type: summary
locator: 18107-18112
quote_or_summary: A note says month intercalation learned from the Jews is unlawful
because it fixes pilgrimage and Ramadan to certain seasons.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; Project Gutenberg/Sale translation metadata indicates
full text allowed.
- id: ev:2
type: summary
locator: 18117-18131
quote_or_summary: A note describes the idolatrous Arab innovation of transferring
a sacred month to a profane month, names Jonda Ebn Awf, and describes a proclamation
about Moharram.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; Project Gutenberg/Sale translation metadata indicates
full text allowed.
- id: ev:3
type: summary
locator: 18134-18142
quote_or_summary: A note identifies the expedition of Tabuc and describes summer
heat, drought, scarcity, the distressed army, and ripe fruits.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; Project Gutenberg/Sale translation metadata indicates
full text allowed.
- id: ev:4
type: summary
locator: 18144-18150
quote_or_summary: Notes state that Mohammed had only Abu Becr with him and mention
either guards in the cave or heavenly succours at Bedr, the ditch, and Honein.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; Project Gutenberg/Sale translation metadata indicates
full text allowed.
- id: ev:5
type: quote
locator: 18157-18159
quote_or_summary: '"Go forth to battle, both light and heavy," employing substance
and persons for God''s religion.'
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; Project Gutenberg/Sale translation metadata indicates
full text allowed.
- id: ev:6
type: summary
locator: 18160-18164
quote_or_summary: If the advantage were near and the journey moderate they would
have followed, but the way seemed tedious; they swear they were unable, and God
knows they are liars.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; Project Gutenberg/Sale translation metadata indicates
full text allowed.
- id: ev:7
type: summary
locator: 18165-18168
quote_or_summary: God asks why leave was given to stay home before truthful excuse-makers
and liars became manifest.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; Project Gutenberg/Sale translation metadata indicates
full text allowed.
- id: ev:8
type: summary
locator: 18169-18175
quote_or_summary: Believers in God and the last day do not ask leave from employing
substance and persons; doubters ask leave and are tossed in doubting.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; Project Gutenberg/Sale translation metadata indicates
full text allowed.
- id: ev:9
type: summary
locator: 18176-18183
quote_or_summary: God was averse to their going, rendered them slothful, and if
they had gone they would have burdened the group and stirred sedition.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; Project Gutenberg/Sale translation metadata indicates
full text allowed.
- id: ev:10
type: summary
locator: 18184-18186 and following sentence in supplied passage
quote_or_summary: One asks leave to stay behind to avoid temptation; the passage
says they have fallen into temptation at home and that hell will encompass unbelievers.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; Project Gutenberg/Sale translation metadata indicates
full text allowed.
- id: ev:11
type: summary
locator: supplied passage after verse marker 50
quote_or_summary: Opponents grieve at good fortune and rejoice at misfortune; the
response says only what God decrees will befall the faithful, God is their patron,
and the faithful should trust in God.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; Project Gutenberg/Sale translation metadata indicates
full text allowed.
confidence:
extraction: medium
motif_candidates: medium
comparison_claims: medium
notes: The extraction uses the supplied excerpt, including translator notes. Some
supplied text extends slightly beyond the stated line end, so locators for the
final sentences are described relative to the supplied passage.
reviewer_status:
status: needs_review
reviewer: ''
reviewed_at: ''
notes: Machine-generated draft from OpenAI Batch; not human-reviewed.
extracted_by: openai_batch:gpt-5.5
extracted_at: '2026-04-28'
notes: |-
No figures, symbols, or comparisons beyond the supplied passage and metadata were added.
batch_run_id=motif-extraction-2026-04-28-high-priority
custom_id=motif_extract:islamic-koran-sale-gutenberg__l18107-l18186
passage_sha256=60d5581457db584eca58a026cdca983a51c17951b151875f2aa295d693fc77ca