batch.motif.islamic-koran-sale-gutenberg-l11148-l11218
---
record_id: batch.motif.islamic-koran-sale-gutenberg-l11148-l11218
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
passage_locator:
label: CHAPTER II. / IN THE NAME OF THE MOST MERCIFUL GOD. / CHAPTER III. / IN THE
NAME OF THE MOST MERCIFUL GOD.; lines 11148-11218
start: '11148'
end: '11218'
translation: The Koran (Al-Qur'an)
notes: Generated from OpenAI Batch run motif-extraction-2026-04-28-high-priority;
human review required.
canonical_text:
quote: ''
summary: Commentary explains the term for apostles, relates a seaside calling of
fullers by Jesus, and then discusses an Islamic account in which God prevents
Jesus' death by raising him to heaven and causing another person, often identified
in variants as Judas or another betrayer, to appear like him and be crucified
instead. The passage further reports that Jesus returns to comfort his mother
and disciples, compares the account with earlier sectarian Christian traditions,
and summarizes an apocryphal Gospel of Barnabas version involving four angels,
the third heaven, divine punishment, and a future correction of the mistaken belief
by Mohammed.
language: English
quote_policy: summarized
literal_observations:
- id: obs:1
text: The passage gives several explanations for the Arabic term al Hawariyun, including
whiteness, white garments, fuller trade, and an Ethiopic derivation meaning one
sent, a messenger, or apostle.
category: speech
evidence_refs:
- ev:1
- id: obs:2
text: A reported vocation story says Jesus saw fullers working by the seaside and
told them that they cleansed clothes but not their hearts; they then believed
in him.
category: action
evidence_refs:
- ev:2
- id: obs:3
text: A note glosses a plot as a design to take away Jesus' life.
category: action
evidence_refs:
- ev:3
- id: obs:4
text: The commentary says God's stratagem was to take Jesus up into heaven and stamp
his likeness on another person, who was apprehended and crucified in his stead.
category: action
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
- id: obs:5
text: 'The passage lists variant identifications of the crucified substitute: a
spy, Titian, or Judas.'
category: relationship
evidence_refs:
- ev:5
- id: obs:6
text: One account says Jesus, after the crucifixion in effigy, was sent down again
to earth to comfort his mother and disciples and explain that the Jews were deceived,
and was then taken up a second time into heaven.
category: sequence
evidence_refs:
- ev:6
- id: obs:7
text: The commentary reports that some early sectarian groups or writings held that
Christ himself was not crucified, but another person was crucified in his place.
category: speech
evidence_refs:
- ev:7
- id: obs:8
text: 'In the Gospel of Barnabas version summarized here, Jesus is snatched into
the third heaven by four angels: Gabriel, Michael, Raphael, and Uriel.'
category: action
evidence_refs:
- ev:8
- id: obs:9
text: The same Barnabas account says Judas is made to appear so much like Jesus
that the Jews, Mary, and the apostles are deceived.
category: attribute
evidence_refs:
- ev:9
- id: obs:10
text: Jesus' quoted answer to Barnabas explains the grief of Mary and the disciples
as punishment for earthly love, and explains the mocked death as allowed because
others called Jesus God and Son of God.
category: speech
evidence_refs:
- ev:10
- id: obs:11
text: The Barnabas account says the deception will continue until the coming of
Mohammed, who will undeceive believers in the law of God.
category: sequence
evidence_refs:
- ev:11
figures:
- id: fig:1
name_or_label: Jesus
description: Teacher and prophet figure who calls fullers, is plotted against, is
taken to heaven, and is said not to undergo crucifixion himself in the discussed
accounts.
role_refs:
- role:1
- role:2
- role:3
evidence_refs:
- ev:2
- ev:3
- ev:4
- ev:6
- ev:8
- id: fig:2
name_or_label: Apostles or disciples
description: Followers of Jesus; the passage discusses their name and says they
believed, were comforted, and in one version were deceived by the resemblance
of Judas to Jesus.
role_refs:
- role:4
evidence_refs:
- ev:1
- ev:2
- ev:6
- ev:9
- id: fig:3
name_or_label: Fullers by the seaside
description: Workers cleansing clothes whom Jesus addresses in a vocation story.
role_refs:
- role:4
evidence_refs:
- ev:2
- id: fig:4
name_or_label: God
description: Divine agent who takes Jesus into heaven, causes another person to
bear his likeness, permits the deception, and punishes sin.
role_refs:
- role:5
- role:6
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
- ev:10
- id: fig:5
name_or_label: Substitute crucified person
description: Another person in Jesus' shape and resemblance who is apprehended and
crucified in Jesus' stead.
role_refs:
- role:7
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
- ev:5
- ev:7
- id: fig:6
name_or_label: Judas
description: In some variants, and especially in the Barnabas summary, the betrayer
who is made to resemble Jesus and is crucified in his stead.
role_refs:
- role:7
- role:8
evidence_refs:
- ev:5
- ev:9
- id: fig:7
name_or_label: The Jews or rulers of the Jews
description: Those described as agreeing to take or betray Jesus, apprehending the
substitute, delivering him to Pilate, and being deceived by the resemblance.
role_refs:
- role:9
evidence_refs:
- ev:5
- ev:6
- ev:9
- id: fig:8
name_or_label: Mary, mother of Jesus
description: Mother of Jesus who is comforted after the crucifixion in effigy and,
in the Barnabas version, is deceived by the resemblance.
role_refs:
- role:10
evidence_refs:
- ev:6
- ev:9
- ev:10
- id: fig:9
name_or_label: Gabriel, Michael, Raphael, and Uriel
description: Four angels who, in the Barnabas account, minister in snatching Jesus
into the third heaven.
role_refs:
- role:11
evidence_refs:
- ev:8
- id: fig:10
name_or_label: Barnabas
description: Questioner in the summarized apocryphal account who asks Jesus why
God allowed Mary and the disciples to believe Jesus had died ignominiously.
role_refs:
- role:12
evidence_refs:
- ev:10
- id: fig:11
name_or_label: Mohammed
description: Messenger of God whose future coming is said in the Barnabas account
to undeceive believers from the mistake about Jesus' death.
role_refs:
- role:13
evidence_refs:
- ev:11
roles:
- id: role:1
label: teacher calling followers
assigned_to:
- fig:1
basis: Jesus addresses fullers by the seaside and they believe on him.
evidence_refs:
- ev:2
- id: role:2
label: threatened holy figure
assigned_to:
- fig:1
basis: A design is described to take away Jesus' life.
evidence_refs:
- ev:3
- id: role:3
label: rescued and ascended figure
assigned_to:
- fig:1
basis: God takes Jesus up into heaven; the Barnabas account says he is snatched
into the third heaven.
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
- ev:8
- id: role:4
label: followers or converts
assigned_to:
- fig:2
- fig:3
basis: The apostles are explained as messengers or disciples, and the fullers believe
after Jesus' address.
evidence_refs:
- ev:1
- ev:2
- id: role:5
label: divine rescuer
assigned_to:
- fig:4
basis: God's stratagem is described as taking Jesus up into heaven.
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
- id: role:6
label: divine judge
assigned_to:
- fig:4
basis: The Barnabas speech says every sin is punished by God and explains grief
as punishment.
evidence_refs:
- ev:10
- id: role:7
label: substitute victim
assigned_to:
- fig:5
- fig:6
basis: Another person, often identified in variants as Judas, is made to resemble
Jesus and is crucified instead.
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
- ev:5
- ev:9
- id: role:8
label: betrayer
assigned_to:
- fig:6
basis: Judas is described as agreeing with rulers to betray Jesus for thirty pieces
of silver, and in the Barnabas account as the traitor made to resemble Jesus.
evidence_refs:
- ev:5
- ev:9
- id: role:9
label: deceived persecutors
assigned_to:
- fig:7
basis: The Jews are said to apprehend or deliver the wrong person and to be deceived
by the likeness.
evidence_refs:
- ev:6
- ev:9
- id: role:10
label: grieving and deceived mother
assigned_to:
- fig:8
basis: Mary is comforted after the crucifixion in effigy and is also deceived by
the resemblance in the Barnabas account.
evidence_refs:
- ev:6
- ev:9
- ev:10
- id: role:11
label: angelic ministers
assigned_to:
- fig:9
basis: Four named angels minister in snatching Jesus into the third heaven.
evidence_refs:
- ev:8
- id: role:12
label: questioner
assigned_to:
- fig:10
basis: Barnabas asks why God allowed Mary and the disciples to believe Jesus had
died ignominiously.
evidence_refs:
- ev:10
- id: role:13
label: future revealer
assigned_to:
- fig:11
basis: Mohammed is said to come into the world and undeceive believers about the
mistake.
evidence_refs:
- ev:11
symbols:
- id: sym:1
label: white garments and cleansing
literal_form: White garments, fullers, cleansed clothes, and uncleansed hearts.
associated_figures:
- fig:1
- fig:2
- fig:3
taxonomy_refs: []
evidence_refs:
- ev:1
- ev:2
- id: sym:2
label: seaside calling place
literal_form: The seaside where Jesus sees fullers at work.
associated_figures:
- fig:1
- fig:3
taxonomy_refs:
- water
evidence_refs:
- ev:2
- id: sym:3
label: heavenly ascent
literal_form: Jesus taken up into heaven, later taken up a second time, and in one
version snatched into the third heaven.
associated_figures:
- fig:1
- fig:4
- fig:9
taxonomy_refs: []
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
- ev:6
- ev:8
- id: sym:4
label: likeness or resemblance
literal_form: Jesus' likeness stamped on another person; Judas permitted to appear
so like his master that others are deceived.
associated_figures:
- fig:1
- fig:4
- fig:5
- fig:6
taxonomy_refs: []
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
- ev:9
- id: sym:5
label: cross or crucifixion in effigy
literal_form: Another person is apprehended and crucified in Jesus' stead; the event
is called crucifixion in effigy.
associated_figures:
- fig:1
- fig:5
- fig:6
taxonomy_refs: []
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
- ev:6
- id: sym:6
label: thirty pieces of silver
literal_form: Thirty pieces of silver named as the price for Judas' betrayal in
one variant.
associated_figures:
- fig:6
- fig:7
taxonomy_refs: []
evidence_refs:
- ev:5
- id: sym:7
label: flames of hell
literal_form: Flames of hell mentioned as a later punishment from which grief in
this world averts Mary and the disciples.
associated_figures:
- fig:4
- fig:8
- fig:2
taxonomy_refs:
- fire
evidence_refs:
- ev:10
scenes:
- id: scene:1
label: Apostles named and fullers called
summary: The passage explains possible derivations of the apostles' name and recounts
Jesus addressing fullers by the seaside about cleansing hearts, after which they
believe.
figure_refs:
- fig:1
- fig:2
- fig:3
symbol_refs:
- sym:1
- sym:2
evidence_refs:
- ev:1
- ev:2
- id: scene:2
label: Plot and divine rescue
summary: A plot against Jesus' life is answered by God's stratagem of taking Jesus
into heaven and causing another person to bear his likeness and be crucified instead.
figure_refs:
- fig:1
- fig:4
- fig:5
- fig:7
symbol_refs:
- sym:3
- sym:4
- sym:5
evidence_refs:
- ev:3
- ev:4
- id: scene:3
label: Variants of the substitute
summary: The commentary lists several proposed substitute victims, including a spy,
Titian, and Judas, with Judas linked to betrayal for thirty pieces of silver.
figure_refs:
- fig:5
- fig:6
- fig:7
symbol_refs:
- sym:4
- sym:5
- sym:6
evidence_refs:
- ev:5
- id: scene:4
label: Return to comfort and second ascent
summary: Jesus is said to return to earth after the crucifixion in effigy to comfort
his mother and disciples and explain the deception, before being taken up again
into heaven.
figure_refs:
- fig:1
- fig:2
- fig:8
symbol_refs:
- sym:3
- sym:5
evidence_refs:
- ev:6
- id: scene:5
label: Barnabas account of angelic removal and Judas' resemblance
summary: In the summarized Barnabas narrative, four angels snatch Jesus into the
third heaven; Judas is made to resemble Jesus and is taken for him even by Mary
and the apostles.
figure_refs:
- fig:1
- fig:2
- fig:6
- fig:8
- fig:9
symbol_refs:
- sym:3
- sym:4
- sym:5
evidence_refs:
- ev:8
- ev:9
- id: scene:6
label: Explanation of divine punishment and future correction
summary: Jesus answers Barnabas that grief and public mocking are permitted as divine
punishment or prevention of later punishment, and that Mohammed will later correct
the mistaken belief.
figure_refs:
- fig:1
- fig:4
- fig:8
- fig:10
- fig:11
symbol_refs:
- sym:7
evidence_refs:
- ev:10
- ev:11
candidate_motifs:
- id: motif:1
label: Divine rescue by ascent to heaven
taxonomy_refs:
- ascent
basis: Jesus is repeatedly described as taken up into heaven, and in the Barnabas
version snatched into the third heaven by angels.
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
- ev:6
- ev:8
confidence: high
cautions: The passage is commentary reporting doctrinal and apocryphal variants
rather than a continuous narrative from the Qur'anic verse itself.
- id: motif:2
label: Substitute victim bears the hero's likeness
taxonomy_refs:
- shapeshifter
basis: God causes another person, in some variants Judas, to appear like Jesus and
be crucified in his stead.
evidence_refs:
- ev:4
- ev:5
- ev:9
confidence: medium
cautions: The available taxonomy term 'shapeshifter' is only approximate because
the passage emphasizes imposed likeness or mistaken resemblance, not voluntary
shape-changing.
- id: motif:3
label: False death followed by return to comfort followers
taxonomy_refs:
- return
basis: After the crucifixion in effigy, Jesus is said to return to earth to comfort
his mother and disciples and reveal the deception before a second ascent.
evidence_refs:
- ev:6
confidence: medium
cautions: This is a temporary return in a reported commentary tradition, not a full
resurrection narrative in this passage.
- id: motif:4
label: Divine judgment through grief and hell-punishment logic
taxonomy_refs:
- divine_judgment
basis: The Barnabas speech explains grief and public mocking as permitted by God
because sin and misplaced earthly love must be punished, with hell mentioned as
the alternative later punishment.
evidence_refs:
- ev:10
confidence: high
cautions: This motif is confined to the apocryphal Barnabas material summarized
in the passage.
- id: motif:5
label: Future messenger corrects a cosmic or religious misunderstanding
taxonomy_refs:
- wisdom
basis: The Barnabas account says the mistaken belief about Jesus' death will persist
until Mohammed, the messenger of God, comes to undeceive believers.
evidence_refs:
- ev:11
confidence: medium
cautions: The taxonomy reference 'wisdom' is broad; the passage frames the action
as revelation or correction of error.
- id: motif:6
label: Calling of humble workers by moral rebuke
taxonomy_refs:
- initiation
basis: Jesus calls fullers by contrasting their cleansing of clothes with failure
to cleanse hearts, after which they believe.
evidence_refs:
- ev:2
confidence: medium
cautions: The passage gives this as an explanatory vocation story for the apostles'
name; the initiation label is interpretive and should be reviewed.
comparison_claims:
- id: claim:1
claim: The passage itself compares the Islamic substitution account with earlier
sectarian Christian traditions that denied Christ himself suffered and said another
person was crucified in his place.
claim_level: same_motif
target: Basilidian, Cerinthian, Carpocratian, and related apocryphal substitution
traditions about Christ's crucifixion
evidence_refs:
- ev:7
counter_evidence_refs: []
confidence: high
limitations: The passage reports these comparisons through Sale's commentary; it
does not provide the primary texts of the named sects.
- id: claim:2
claim: The passage presents the Barnabas version as a more elaborate variant of
the same substitution-and-ascent pattern, adding angelic transport, Judas as substitute,
and later correction by Mohammed.
claim_level: same_motif
target: Apocryphal Gospel of Barnabas substitution narrative
evidence_refs:
- ev:8
- ev:9
- ev:10
- ev:11
counter_evidence_refs: []
confidence: high
limitations: The account is mediated by the commentator and described as an apocryphal
or interpolated work within the passage.
evidence:
- id: ev:1
type: summary
locator: lines 11148-11156
quote_or_summary: The term al Hawariyun is explained through possible associations
with whiteness, white garments, fullers, and an Ethiopic verb meaning to go, yielding
messenger or apostle.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; summarized.
- id: ev:2
type: summary
locator: lines 11153-11155
quote_or_summary: Jesus passes by the seaside, sees fullers at work, says they cleanse
clothes but not hearts, and they believe on him.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; summarized.
- id: ev:3
type: summary
locator: line 11158
quote_or_summary: A note explains the plot as a design to take away Jesus' life.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; summarized.
- id: ev:4
type: summary
locator: lines 11160-11165
quote_or_summary: God's stratagem is described as taking Jesus into heaven and placing
his likeness on another person, who is apprehended and crucified instead.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; summarized.
- id: ev:5
type: summary
locator: lines 11165-11170
quote_or_summary: The substitute is variously identified as a spy, Titian, or Judas,
who betrayed Jesus for thirty pieces of silver.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; summarized.
- id: ev:6
type: summary
locator: lines 11171-11174
quote_or_summary: Jesus, after the crucifixion in effigy, is said to return to earth
to comfort his mother and disciples, tell them the Jews were deceived, and then
ascend again.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; summarized.
- id: ev:7
type: summary
locator: lines 11175-11185
quote_or_summary: The commentary says similar views existed before Mohammed, naming
Basilidians, Cerinthians, Carpocratians, and a book called The Journeys of the
Apostles as saying Christ was not crucified but another was crucified in his stead.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; summarized.
- id: ev:8
type: summary
locator: lines 11188-11192
quote_or_summary: The Barnabas account says that when the Jews were about to apprehend
Jesus in the garden, he was snatched into the third heaven by Gabriel, Michael,
Raphael, and Uriel.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; summarized.
- id: ev:9
type: summary
locator: lines 11192-11198
quote_or_summary: The Barnabas account says Judas was crucified instead, with God
allowing him to appear so like Jesus that the Jews, Mary, and the apostles were
deceived; Jesus later received leave to comfort them.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; summarized.
- id: ev:10
type: summary
locator: lines 11199-11212
quote_or_summary: Jesus answers Barnabas that every sin is punished by God; Mary
and the disciples' earthly love is punished by grief, and Jesus' public mock-death
prevents later mockery by devils because others had called him God and Son of
God.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; summarized.
- id: ev:11
type: summary
locator: lines 11212-11215
quote_or_summary: The Barnabas account says the mocking or mistaken belief continues
until Mohammed comes into the world and undeceives believers in God's law.
source_text_path: texts/public-domain/islamic/project-gutenberg/koran-sale.md
rights_note: Public domain source; summarized.
confidence:
extraction: high
motif_candidates: medium
comparison_claims: high
notes: The passage is a commentary and footnote section reporting multiple variants
and comparisons; literal narrative elements are clear, but taxonomy alignment
for some motifs is approximate.
reviewer_status:
status: needs_review
reviewer: ''
reviewed_at: ''
notes: Machine-generated draft from OpenAI Batch; not human-reviewed.
extracted_by: openai_batch:gpt-5.5
extracted_at: '2026-04-28'
notes: |-
All claims are based on the provided passage and metadata only; no external comparison has been added beyond comparisons explicitly stated in the passage.
batch_run_id=motif-extraction-2026-04-28-high-priority
custom_id=motif_extract:islamic-koran-sale-gutenberg__l11148-l11218
passage_sha256=328771c0a3a991a96009fb160666a8cd991bf88fcc453966ee24185aeb3f7677